1. General Overview of Enzymes
- Definition and Importance of Enzymes
- Historical Perspective on Enzyme Discovery
- Characteristics of Enzymes
- Differences Between Enzymes and Catalysts
- Enzymes in Biological Systems
2. Enzyme Structure and Classification
3Mechanisms of Enzyme Action
- Enzyme-Substrate Complex Formation
- Lock-and-Key Model
- Induced Fit Hypothesis
- Transition State and Catalysis
- Activation Energy and Reaction Rates
4. Enzyme Kinetics
- Michaelis-Menten Equation
- Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity:
- Lineweaver-Burk Plot
- Enzyme Inhibition:
5. Regulation of Enzyme Activity
- Feedback Inhibition
- Allosteric Regulation
- Covalent Modification (e.g., Phosphorylation)
- Role of Activators and Inhibitors
- Isoenzymes and Their Regulation
6. Enzyme Technology
- Industrial Applications of Enzymes:
- Immobilized Enzymes and Their Uses
- Enzyme Engineering and Directed Evolution
7. Enzymes in Metabolic Pathways
- Role in Anabolism and Catabolism
- Key Enzymes in Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Photosynthesis
- Enzyme Cascades in Signal Transduction
- ATP Synthase and Energy Metabolism
8. Enzymes in Medicine
- Diagnostic Enzymes (e.g., LDH, Amylase, ALT)
- Therapeutic Enzymes (e.g., Streptokinase, Asparaginase)
- Enzyme Deficiency Disorders (e.g., Phenylketonuria, Tay-Sachs)
- Role in Drug Metabolism (e.g., Cytochrome P450)
9. Molecular Biology of Enzymes
- Enzyme Gene Expression and Regulation
- Protein Folding and Enzyme Activity
- Enzyme Mutations and Genetic Disorders
- CRISPR and Enzymatic Applications in Gene Editing
10. Advanced Topics in Enzymology
- Enzyme Catalysis Under Extreme Conditions
- Artificial Enzymes and Nanozymes
- Enzyme Dynamics and Molecular Simulations
- Metalloenzymes and Their Roles
- Coenzymes and Their Biological Functions