Enzymes

1. General Overview of Enzymes

• Definition and Importance of Enzymes
• Historical Perspective on Enzyme Discovery
• Characteristics of Enzymes
• Differences Between Enzymes and Catalysts
• Enzymes in Biological Systems

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2. Enzyme Structure and Classification

• Structure of Enzymes
  • Active Site and Substrate Binding
  • Apoenzymes and Cofactors
  • Holoenzymes and Prosthetic Groups
• Classification of Enzymes (EC Number System)
  • Oxidoreductases
  • Transferases
  • Hydrolases
  • Lyases
  • Isomerases
  • Ligases

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3Mechanisms of Enzyme Action

• Enzyme-Substrate Complex Formation
• Lock-and-Key Model
• Induced Fit Hypothesis
• Transition State and Catalysis
• Activation Energy and Reaction Rates

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4. Enzyme Kinetics

• Michaelis-Menten Equation
• Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity:
  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Substrate Concentration
  • Enzyme Concentration
• Lineweaver-Burk Plot
• Enzyme Inhibition:
  • Competitive Inhibition
  • Non-Competitive Inhibition
  • Uncompetitive Inhibition
  • Allosteric Inhibition

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5. Regulation of Enzyme Activity

• Feedback Inhibition
• Allosteric Regulation
• Covalent Modification (e.g., Phosphorylation)
• Role of Activators and Inhibitors
• Isoenzymes and Their Regulation

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6. Enzyme Technology

• Industrial Applications of Enzymes:
  • Food Industry (e.g., Amylases, Proteases)
  • Detergent Industry
  • Textile Industry
  • Pharmaceuticals
• Immobilized Enzymes and Their Uses
• Enzyme Engineering and Directed Evolution

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7. Enzymes in Metabolic Pathways

• Role in Anabolism and Catabolism
• Key Enzymes in Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Photosynthesis
• Enzyme Cascades in Signal Transduction
• ATP Synthase and Energy Metabolism

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8. Enzymes in Medicine

• Diagnostic Enzymes (e.g., LDH, Amylase, ALT)
• Therapeutic Enzymes (e.g., Streptokinase, Asparaginase)
• Enzyme Deficiency Disorders (e.g., Phenylketonuria, Tay-Sachs)
• Role in Drug Metabolism (e.g., Cytochrome P450)

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9. Molecular Biology of Enzymes

• Enzyme Gene Expression and Regulation
• Protein Folding and Enzyme Activity
• Enzyme Mutations and Genetic Disorders
• CRISPR and Enzymatic Applications in Gene Editing

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10. Advanced Topics in Enzymology

• Enzyme Catalysis Under Extreme Conditions
• Artificial Enzymes and Nanozymes
• Enzyme Dynamics and Molecular Simulations
• Metalloenzymes and Their Roles
• Coenzymes and Their Biological Functions

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11. Research and Experimental Techniques

• Enzyme Assays and Activity Measurement
• Purification and Characterization of Enzymes
• Techniques for Studying Enzymes (e.g., X-ray Crystallography, NMR)
• High-Throughput Screening for Enzyme Activity
• Enzyme Kinetics Software and Modeling Tools